Preface Part I. General Survey Chapter 1. Setting 1. Grammar 2. Linguistic Universals 3. Phonetic Representations 4. Components of a Grammar 5. Surface Structures 51. Lexical and Phonological Representations 52. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representations 53. Analysis into Words 6. Summary Chapter 2. A Sketch of English Phonology and Phonological Theory 1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours 2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
Preface
Part I. General Survey Chapter 1. Setting 1. Grammar 2. Linguistic Universals 3. Phonetic Representations 4. Components of a Grammar 5. Surface Structures 51. Lexical and Phonological Representations 52. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representations 53. Analysis into Words 6. Summary Chapter 2. A Sketch of English Phonology and Phonological Theory 1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours 2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
Part I. General Survey
Chapter 1. Setting 1. Grammar 2. Linguistic Universals 3. Phonetic Representations 4. Components of a Grammar 5. Surface Structures 51. Lexical and Phonological Representations 52. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representations 53. Analysis into Words 6. Summary Chapter 2. A Sketch of English Phonology and Phonological Theory 1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours 2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
Chapter 1. Setting
1. Grammar 2. Linguistic Universals 3. Phonetic Representations 4. Components of a Grammar 5. Surface Structures 51. Lexical and Phonological Representations 52. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representations 53. Analysis into Words 6. Summary Chapter 2. A Sketch of English Phonology and Phonological Theory 1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours 2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
1. Grammar
2. Linguistic Universals 3. Phonetic Representations 4. Components of a Grammar 5. Surface Structures 51. Lexical and Phonological Representations 52. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representations 53. Analysis into Words 6. Summary Chapter 2. A Sketch of English Phonology and Phonological Theory 1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours 2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
2. Linguistic Universals
3. Phonetic Representations 4. Components of a Grammar 5. Surface Structures 51. Lexical and Phonological Representations 52. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representations 53. Analysis into Words 6. Summary Chapter 2. A Sketch of English Phonology and Phonological Theory 1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours 2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
3. Phonetic Representations
4. Components of a Grammar 5. Surface Structures 51. Lexical and Phonological Representations 52. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representations 53. Analysis into Words 6. Summary Chapter 2. A Sketch of English Phonology and Phonological Theory 1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours 2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
4. Components of a Grammar
5. Surface Structures 51. Lexical and Phonological Representations 52. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representations 53. Analysis into Words 6. Summary Chapter 2. A Sketch of English Phonology and Phonological Theory 1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours 2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
5. Surface Structures
51. Lexical and Phonological Representations 52. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representations 53. Analysis into Words 6. Summary Chapter 2. A Sketch of English Phonology and Phonological Theory 1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours 2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
51. Lexical and Phonological Representations
52. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representations 53. Analysis into Words 6. Summary Chapter 2. A Sketch of English Phonology and Phonological Theory 1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours 2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
52. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representations
53. Analysis into Words 6. Summary Chapter 2. A Sketch of English Phonology and Phonological Theory 1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours 2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
53. Analysis into Words
6. Summary Chapter 2. A Sketch of English Phonology and Phonological Theory 1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours 2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
6. Summary
Chapter 2. A Sketch of English Phonology and Phonological Theory 1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours 2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
Chapter 2. A Sketch of English Phonology and Phonological Theory
1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours 2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
1. The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and its Application to English Stress Contours
2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation 3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
2. On the Reality of Phonetic Representation
3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word 4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
3. The Transformational Cycle within a Word
4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation 5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
4. The Segmental Phonology of Englisg - A First Approximation
5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word 6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
5. More on the Transformational Cycle within a Word
6. Particular and Universal Grammar 7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
6. Particular and Universal Grammar
7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation 8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
7. On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation
8. Vowel Alternations Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
8. Vowel Alternations
Part II. English Phonology Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
Part II. English Phonology
Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology 01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
Chapter 3. The Transformational Cycle in English Phonology
01. Introductory Remarks 011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
01. Introductory Remarks
011. The Rules of the Phonological Component 012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
011. The Rules of the Phonological Component
012. Notational Conventions 013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
012. Notational Conventions
013. Distinctive Features 0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
013. Distinctive Features
0131. Boundary Features 0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
0131. Boundary Features
0132. Segmental Features 02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
0132. Segmental Features
02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation 03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
02. Stress Placement in Verbs - A First Approximation
03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation 04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
03. Stress Placement in Nouns - A First Approximation
04. Alternating Stress Rule 05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
04. Alternating Stress Rule
05. Stress Placement in Adjectives 06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
05. Stress Placement in Adjectives
06. Derivational Affixes 07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
06. Derivational Affixes
07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules 08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
07. Summary of Stress Placement Rules
08. Nuclear Stress 09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
08. Nuclear Stress
09. Compounds 10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
09. Compounds
10. Complex Verbs 11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
10. Complex Verbs
11. Nouns Derived from Verbs 12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
11. Nouns Derived from Verbs
12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule 13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
12. Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule
13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives 14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
13. Complex Nouns and Adjectives
14. Vowel Reduction 15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
14. Vowel Reduction
15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes 16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
15. Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes
16. Stress as a Lexical Category Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
16. Stress as a Lexical Category
Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology 1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
Chapter 4. Word-Level Phonology
1. Introductory Remarks 2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
1. Introductory Remarks
2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations 21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
2. Phonological and Phonetic Representations
21. Lexical Redundancy Rules 22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
21. Lexical Redundancy Rules
22. Treatment of Exceptions 3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
22. Treatment of Exceptions
3. The Features 4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
3. The Features
4. Vowel Alterations 41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
4. Vowel Alterations
41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels 42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
41. Alterations of Nonback Vowels
42. Alterations of Back Vowels 43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
42. Alterations of Back Vowels
43. The Vowel Shift Rule 431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
43. The Vowel Shift Rule
431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule 4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
431. Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule
4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments 4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
4311. Rounding and Backness Adjustments
4312. Rounding and Stress 432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
4312. Rounding and Stress
432. Final Weak-Stressed [o] 433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
432. Final Weak-Stressed [o]
433. The Diphthong [õy] 434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
433. The Diphthong [õy]
434. Prevocalic y-Glides 435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
434. Prevocalic y-Glides
435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels 436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
435. Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels
436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization 437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
436. Further Remarks on Diphthongization
437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels 438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
437. Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels
438. Rounding Adjustment 5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
438. Rounding Adjustment
5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule 6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
5. Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule
6. The Consonant System of English Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
6. The Consonant System of English
Chapter 5. Summary of Rules 1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
Chapter 5. Summary of Rules
1. Readjustment Rules 2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
1. Readjustment Rules
2. Phonological Rules Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
2. Phonological Rules
Part 3. History Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
Part 3. History
Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System 1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
Chapter 6. The Evolution of the Modern English Vowel System
1. Introductory Remarks 11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
11. On Linguistic Change 12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
11. On Linguistic Change
12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English 13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
12. General Comments on the Early History of Modern English
13. Concerning Exchange Rules 2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
13. Concerning Exchange Rules
2. John Hart (1551-1579) 21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
2. John Hart (1551-1579)
21. The Evidence 22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
21. The Evidence
22. Hart's Pattern 3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
22. Hart's Pattern
3. John Wallis (1653-1699) 31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
3. John Wallis (1653-1699)
31. The Evidence 32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
31. The Evidence
32. Wallis' Pattern 4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
32. Wallis' Pattern
4. Christopher Cooper (1687) 41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
4. Christopher Cooper (1687)
41. The Evidence 42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
41. The Evidence
42. Cooper's Pattern 5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
42. Cooper's Pattern
5. T. Batchelor (1809) 51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
5. T. Batchelor (1809)
51. The Evidence 52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
51. The Evidence
52. Batchelor's Pattern Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
52. Batchelor's Pattern
Part 4. Phonological Theory Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
Part 4. Phonological Theory
Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework 1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
Chapter 7. The Phonetic Framework
1. Phonetic Representation 11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
1. Phonetic Representation
11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal 12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
11. Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal
12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation 2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
12. Phonetic and Phonological Representation
2. The Phonetic Features 21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
2. The Phonetic Features
21. The Neutral Position 22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
21. The Neutral Position
22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise 3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
22. Vocal Cord Vibration - Spontaneous and Otherwise
3. Major Class Features 31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
3. Major Class Features
31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent) 32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
31. Sonorant-Nonsonorant (Obstruent)
32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic 33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
32. Vocalic-Nonvocalic
33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal 4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
33. Consonantal-Nonconsonantal
4. Cavity Features 41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
4. Cavity Features
41. Primary Strictures 411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
41. Primary Strictures
411. Coronal-Noncoronal 412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
411. Coronal-Noncoronal
412. Anterior-Nonanterior 42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
412. Anterior-Nonanterior
42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback 421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
42. Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue: High-Nonhigh, Low-Nonlow, Back-Nonback
421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections 422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
421. On the Relationship between the features "Diffuseness," "Compactness," and "Gravity" and the Features of the Preceding Sections
422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract 43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
422. Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract
43. Rounded-Nonrounded 44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
43. Rounded-Nonrounded
44. Distributed-Nondistributed 45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
44. Distributed-Nondistributed
45. Covered-Noncovered 46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
45. Covered-Noncovered
46. Glottal Constrictions 47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
46. Glottal Constrictions
47. Secondary Aperatures 471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
47. Secondary Aperatures
471. Nasal-Nonnasal 472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
471. Nasal-Nonnasal
472. Lateral-Nonlateral 5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
472. Lateral-Nonlateral
5. Manner of Articulation Features 51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
5. Manner of Articulation Features
51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop) 52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
51. Continuant-Noncontinuant (Stop)
52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release 521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
52. Release Features: Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release
521. Release of Primary Closures 522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
521. Release of Primary Closures
522. Release of Secondary Closures 523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
522. Release of Secondary Closures
523. Comments on the Release Features 53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
523. Comments on the Release Features
53. Supplementary Movements 531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
53. Supplementary Movements
531. Suction 532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
531. Suction
532. Pressure 533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
532. Pressure
533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures 54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)
533. Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures
54. Tense-Nontense (Lax)